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The Mansions of the Moon in Astrology & Magic The Mansions of the Moon in Astrology & Magic R enaissance Astrology is the premier site for information on and instruction in the practical use of the 28 Mansions of the Moon for astrological and talismanic magic. We have devoted over a decade to research, translation of rare traditional astrological and magical texts, and to teaching astrological magic and how to make lunar Mansion talismans. O ne this page you can find an introduction to the Mansions of the Moon, plus links to translations of ancient astrological texts on the Mansions and examples of actual lunar Mansion talismans. R enaissance Astrology also offers: Mansions Book T he, with Mansions ephemeris, ritual instructions and black and white Mansions images by Nigel Jackson based on image descriptions translated from, the premier astrological magic grimoire. O ur own, lunar Mansions software which makes the finding the Moon in her Mansions quick and easy. T he, is a complete course on CD, which includes Mansion Tracker and contains both black and white and hi-res color Mansions images, plus additional Mansion sources unavailable elsewhere, including the Arabic names of Mansion lords. T he complete teaches the full range of traditional and and includes the Mansions Mini-Course and Mansion Tracker software.
Y ou can also get the which tells you your natal Mansion, its meaning and a full color Mansion image. T he Moon has always been of great importance in traditional astrology. The famous Italian astrologer Guido Bonatti says of the Moon, She of all the Planets has the greatest similitude and correspondance with inferior things.to pass by her daily effects which she causes in all things here, and the frequent revolutions about the Elements and Elementary Bodies by reason of the nearness of her Orb to the Earth, and smaller circle than any other Planet; so she seems a Mediatrix between Superior and Inferior Bodies.
Animae Astrologiae (JustUs ed.) page 6. I n the Moon, unless it is a significator of the quesited (thing or person asked about) is always the co-significator of the querent (person asking the question). Certainly, the Moon is also widely used in and for timing events, actions and magical rituals and. O ften the monthly phases of the Moon are used for timing, particularly in timing magic. Modern western astrologers are probably less familiar with the monthly cycle of the Mansions of the Moon.
The lunar mansions, known as the nakshastras, are a key component of Vedic astrology, but they were also significant in medieval Arabic astrology where they were passed to Western Europe as part of the reception of the Arabic New Science in the 12th and 13th centuries. T he eleventh century Arabic astronomer/astrologer Al-Biruni writes that as the Zodiac, which is the course of the Sun throughout the year, is divided into twelve signs, so also the monthly path of the Moon among the fixed stars is divided into twenty eight daily stations, the Mansions of the Moon. Al-Biruni, Book of Instructions in the Elements of Astrology Ghaznah, 1029 trans. Wright London, Luzac, translation originally published 1934, Ballantrae, undated reprint §164, page 81. Thus the Lunar Mansions are, in effect, a Lunar Zodiac.
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The Arabic Mansions of the Moon, used by medieval and Renaissance astrologers and magicians, are a twenty-eight fold division of the monthly orbit of the Moon as opposed to the Indian Vedic system of twenty seven nakshastras. 3rd Mansion Talisman A ccording to Richard Hinckley Allen, to the Arabs the mansions were known as Al Nujum al Ahdh, the Stars of Entering or Al Ribatat, the Roadside Inns.
They were best known, however, as Al Manazil al-Qamar, the Mansions or Resting Places of the Moon, as manzil originally referred to the noonday halt of camel and rider in the desert. Richard Hinckey Allen, Star Names and Their Meanings 1899 New York, NY, Dover, 1963, page 8. T he Mansions were used in traditional, that is pre-1700 European, astrology for electing appropriate times for various activities. We can see this in the famous grimoire in this extract,. Thus we note that, for example, that Mansions 1, 5, 11, 13, 21 and 28 help journeys and voyages while mansions 9, 15 and 16 hinder them (14 hinders journeys by land). If we wished to take a trip, therefore, we would select a time when the Moon was in an appropriate Mansion and avoid times when she was in a Mansion that hindered travel.
H owever, the predominant use of the Mansions of the Moon in traditional astrology was for the creation of astrological talismans. Here is another providing instructions for specific talismans for each of the 28 Mansions by explaining the purpose of talisman, an image for the talisman, materials for its construction, appropriate incense, a short invocation and, very importantly, the name of the lord of each Mansion. Here are a number of examples of actual electional charts for talismans using the Mansions of the Moon. Each of them comes from Picatrix. T he first three are examples of using the constellational boundaries of the Mansions: 9th Mansion T he rest use the Tropical Zodiac boundaries, which was the predominant method of finding the boundaries of the Mansions in traditional astrology: G enerally the Mansions were used for electional astrology and for astrological talismans. However, in Astromagia, a text of medieval Arabic astrological magic translated at the court of Alphonso the Wise of Castile, we have a listing of the, indicating what it means to be born with the Moon in a particular mansion.
The complete Astromagia mansion listings of elections, talismans and natal Mansion placements can only be found in my. T here are a variety of different methods for locating the boundaries of the lunar Mansions.
The most famous grimoire of astrological magic, the Picatrix, orients the 28 Mansions to the Tropical Zodiac traditionally used by traditional Arabic and European astrologers. The Tropical Zodiac is based on the Sun and the Seasons of the year, with the Sun entering Aries on the Spring Equinox, the first day of Spring, entering Cancer on Midsummer's Day, the Summer Solstice, entering Libra on the Autumnal Equinox and entering Capricorn on the Winter Solstice. 14th Mansion I n the Tropical mansions, the first Mansion began with Aries, the 8th Mansion with Cancer, the 15th Mansion with Libra and the 22nd Mansion with Capricorn. These tropical Mansions are regular in size, approximately 12 degrees and 51 minutes. The Vedic astrology of India uses a sidereal Zodiac in which the Mansions are again regular and of equal size, approximately 13 degrees and 20 minutes. The beginning of Aries in the sidereal Zodiac is oriented not to the Seasons, but to the fixed stars which move very slowly, approximately a degree every 72 years due to the precession of the equinoxes.
D espite the effectiveness and accuracy of the Tropical Zodiac, many moderns reject it on philosophical grounds because they feel it does not correspond to the 'real stars' With the regard to the Mansions they insist that a constellational Zodiac, that is a Zodiac based completely on the material stars is the only possible method. The constellational Mansions therefore are based on the location of certain fixed stars and are highly irregular in shape. A l-Biruni, the noted medieval Arabic astrologer, notes that the constellational Mansions were used by the Arabs for weather prediction, and says, 'The Arabs, being illiterate people could not recognize the Lunar Mansions except by fixed marks, visible to the eye. Therefore they marked the Mansions by those fixed stars which lie within them.' Chronology of the Ancient Nations, Sachau trans.
A l-Biruni then says that, '.the Arabs attribute all meteorological changes to the influence of the rising and setting of the stars, in consequence of their ignorance of physical sciences, thinking that all changes of the kind depend on the bodies of their stars and their rising, not upon certain portions of the celestial globe ie the Zodiac and the Sun's marching therein.' Chronology of the Ancient Nations, Sachau trans. A l-Biruni goes on to say that, '.the nature of pecularities which are attributed to the first Mansion.are peculiar to the first part of Aries and never leave this place, although the star (or stars which form the Lunar Mansion) may leave it. In a similar way all that is peculiar to Aries does not move away from the place of Aries, although the constellation of Aries does move away.'
Chronology of the Ancient Nations Sachau, trans. T he constellational Mansions exert an almost uncanny fascination for moderns since they follow the 'actual' stars. Because of the influence of materialistic science, even when doing magic and astrology, both spiritual sciences, moderns wish to apply materialistic concepts and theory. Because they cannot see the action of the Mansions arising from anything other than some sort of rays or beams or field from the physical stars themselves there is an immediate tendency to embrace the constellational mansions.
There was certainly a strand of traditional astrology that followed along these lines, but the majority of traditional astrologers and magicians took a more Platonic approach that saw the regular, even harmony of the Tropical Mansions as reflecting the perfection of higher spiritual realities, which are distorted and imperfect in their material manifestation. W hile I follow my illustrious predecessors in preferring the Tropical Mansions, in my books and courses, I provide the boundaries of both the Tropical and constellational mansions so you can experiment and decide for yourself! Constellational Mansions The current positions of the Mansions of the Moon, based on the location in the tropical Zodiac of their indicator stars for 2010, with their Arabic names as given by Al-Biruni are as follows: 1. Al-Sharatain 3 Taurus to 18 Taurus.
Al-Butain 18 Taurus to 29 Taurus. Al-Thuraiya 29 Taurus-10 Gemini.
Al-Dabaran 10 Gemini to 24 Gemini. Al-Haqa 24 Gemini to 9 Cancer. Al-Hana 9 Cancer to 20 Cancer. Al-Dhira 20 Cancer to 7 Leo. Al Ghafr 4 Scorpio to 15 Scorpio. Al-Zubana 15 Scorpio to 3 Sagittarius.
Al-Iklil 3 Sagittarius to 10 Sagittarius. Al-Qalb 10 Sagittarius to 24 Sagittarius. Al-Shaulah 24 Sagittarius to 13 Capricorn. Al-Naaim 13 Capricorn to 16 Capricorn.
Al-Baldah 16 Capricorn to 4 Aquarius. Al-Nathrah 7 Leo to 18 Leo. Al-Tarf 18 Leo to 28 Leo. Al-Jabhah 28 Leo to 12 Virgo. Al-Zubrah 12 Virgo to 22 Virgo.
Al-Sarfah 22 Virgo to 27 Virgo. Al-Awwa 27 Virgo to 24 Libra.
Al-Simak 24 Libra to 4 Scorpio. Sa'd al-Dhabih 4 Aquarius to 12 Aquarius. Sa'd Bula 12-23 Aquarius. Sa'd al Suud 23 Aquarius to 4 Pisces. Sa'd al-Akhbiyah 4-23 Pisces.
Al Fargh al-Awwal 23 Pisces to 9 Aries. Al Fargh al-Thani 9 Aries to 0 Taurus. Batn al-Hut 0-3 Taurus. Tropical Mansions H ere are the later tropical regular mansions from Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Book Two, Chapter 33, 1. Alnath, 0 Aries to 12 Aries 51 2. Allothaim or Albochan 12 Aries 51 to 25 Aries 42 3.
Achaomazon or Athoray, 25 Aries 42 to 8 Taurus 34. Aldebaram 8 Taurus 34 to 21 Taurus 25. Alchatay or Albachay, 21 Taurus 25 to 4 Gemini 17. Alhanna or Alchaya, 4 Gemini 17 to 17 Gemini 8 7. Aldimiach or Alarzach, 17 Gemini 8 to 0 Cancer. Agrapha or Algarpha 0 Libra to 12 Libra 51. Azubene or Ahubene 12 Libra 51 to 25 Libra 42.
Alchil, 25 Libra 42 to 8 Scorpio 34. Alchas or Altob, 8 Scorpio 34 to 21 Scorpio 25 19. Allatha or Achala 21 Scorpio 25 to 4 Sagittarius 17 20. Abnahaya, 4 Sagittarius 17 to 17 Sagittarius 8 21. Abeda or Albeldach, 17 Sagittarius 8 to 0 Capricorn 8.
Alnaza or Anatchtraya, 0 Cancer to 12 Cancer 51. Archaam or Arcaph, 12 Cancer 51 to 25 Cancer 42 10. Algelioche or Albgebh, 25 Cancer 42 to 8 Leo 34 11.
Azobra or Ardurf 8 Leo 34 to 21 Leo 25 12. Alzarpha or Azarpha, 21 Leo 25 to 4 Virgo 17 13. Alhaire, 4 Virgo 17 to 17 Virgo 8 14. Achurethor Arimet 17 Virgo 8 to 0 Libra 22. Sadahacha or Zodeboluch O Capricorn to 12 Capricorn 51 23.
Zabadola or Zobrach, 12 Capricorn 51 to 25 Capricorn 42 24. Sadabath or Chadezoad, 25 Capricorn 42 to 8 Aquarius 34 25. Sadalbracha or Sadalachia, 8 Aquarius 34 to 21 Aquarius 25 26. Alpharg or Phragol Mocaden, 21 Aquarius 25 to 4 Pisces 17 27. Alcharya or Alhalgalmoad, 4 Pisces 17 to 17 Pisces 8 28. Albotham or Alchalcy, 17 Pisces 8 to 0 Aries 1.
I also provide a more detailed listing of the tropical mansions, their names and uses. A complete introduction to the Mansions, plus an ephemeris for 2006-2018, English translations of the complete sections on the Mansions, 28 black and white Mansions images by Nigel Jackson and much more can be found in my book, published by Renaissance Astrology. T he Natal Mansion reading is just $14.95.
You give your time, date and location (city, state or city, country) of birth and the Natal Mansion reading tells you your Mansion (what Mansion your natal Moon is in) and explains the significance of the Moon in this Mansion, plus the talisman of the Mansion and the individual angel or lord/lady of the Mansion. You also get a beautiful, full color image of your natal Mansion from Picatrix. The cost of the Natal Mansion reading is $14.95.
Please note that some Mansions are benefic and some malefic. O rder a Natal Mansion Reading by clicking the Paypal button to left. Mansion Reading H ere is an example Natal Mansion reading for someone born with the their natal Moon in the 25th Mansion.
You can see the color 25th Mansion image to right. EXAMPLE READING FOR 25th MANSION T he ancient astrology text Astromagia says of someone with their Moon in the 25th Mansion, that 'He that is born in this mansion will be good natured.' In Arabic, the name of the twenty-fifth mansion is Sa'd al-Akhbiyah, 'the Lucky Star of Hidden Things.' T he tropical boundaries are from 8 Aquarius 34 to 21 Aquarius 25. The mansion was originally four stars in the right hand of Aquarius. The indicator stars of the twenty-fifth mansion are Gamma Aqaurii, known as Sadalbachia, current position 6 Pisces 43, Alpha Aqaurii, known as Sadalmelik, current position 3 Pisces 46, Zeta Aqaurii, current position, 8 Pisces 55, Eta Aqaurii, current position, 10 Pisces 24, and Pi Aqaurii, current position, 8 Pisces 36.
Thus, the twenty-fifth mansion, Sa’d al-Akhbiyah, sidereally precessed for 2000, extends from 4-23 Pisces. P tolemy says that the stars in the shoulders, left hand and face of Aquarius have the nature of Saturn and Mercury. He does not specifically mention the right hand. T raditional sources say Sa'd al-Akhbiyah is auspicious for building and hastens messengers, but is inauspicious for friendship, marriage and conception. T he Arabic letter associated with the twenty-fifth mansion is Fa.
K eywords: Expansion, spreading forth, preservation, nurture, growth and fruition. P icatrix says that the image of Sa'd al-Akhbiyah is that of a man planting. Our image depicts a man dressed in robes, wearing an exotic headdress, planting a small tree. The effusive foliage of this tree contrasts to a spindly, barren tree to the left.
In the foreground beneath the planting, a clear spring of water gushes forth. In the background are a number of evergreens. To the right in the starry sky is a large and vibrant six-pointed star. The ground at the feet of the planter is strewn with star-shaped flowers. Divinatory Meaning: T he image of this mansion is one of planting, growth and protection, yet this mansion is said to be inauspicious for friendship, marriage and conception.
How can this be? The mansions are the celestial reflections of an underlying archetypal order. The Cosmos itself is, as the Renaissance philosopher and astrologer Marsilio Ficino says, one great unified Being and cannot be fully understood unless we include the Conjunctio Oppositorum, the union of opposites. T o understand this mansion more fully, we consider its original indicator stars and its tropical boundaries, both of which are located in Aquarius.
Aquarius, the sign of the water bearer, is ruled by Saturn in the traditional system of astrology practiced before 1700. Saturn is the Greater Malefic and is considered to have the elemental qualities of being cold and dry, neither of which is conducive to conception or growth. He is the natural significator of solitude, and thus inauspicious for friendship and marriage. Yet, Saturn also has a traditional association with agriculture, and his solitary and distant nature lends itself to deep contemplation, particularly since he is the planet closest to the sphere of the fixed stars. T hus Sa'd al-Akhbiyah signifies stability and protection. We need to embrace its steady, grounding energy. In the image, the gardener is planting the tree directly over the spring, signifying that our plantings, our projects and endeavors, must also draw from the source, the water of wisdom and deep knowledge.
This Mansion advises that we proceed according to the dictates of Nature, rather than those of men, machines and artifice. The barren tree is without access to the spring, the water of life and wisdom. So Sa'd al-Akhbiyah contains this paradox of growth and barrenness. The unguided gardener reaps only weeds.
But planting with discernment brings success. T he talisman of Sa'd al-Akhbiyah is '.for guarding trees and crops from evil happenings. When the Moon has come to this mansion, make a seal in fig wood, and engrave in it the figure of a man planting trees. Suffumigate it with the flowers of trees, and say: You, Aziel, guard my crops and orchards so that destruction or ill fortune will not happen to them.
Put the aforesaid image in a trees in the place which you wish to protect. While the image remains there, destruction shall not befall the crops.” T he Angel and Lord of the Mansion of Sa'd al-Akhbiyah is Aziel.
T he on CD is a fully self contained course that requires no knowledge of magic or astrology. The Mini-Course provides a complete introduction to the 28 Mansions of the Moon.
The Course includes a free copy of the and, the lunar Mansions software A lso included are 28 black and white and hi-res color Mansion images from by the renowned occult researcher and artist which students can download and use to make their own talismans. Complete instructions for talisman ritual and consecration are provided.
S tudents of the Mansions Mini-Course receive a discount on the full which includes the Mansions Mini-Course! Please me with any Questions & Comments Specializing in, and.
Copyright 2001-2008, Christopher Warnock, All Rights Reserved.
. Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM;: 中医;: 中醫;: Zhōngyī) is a style of traditional medicine built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of, and dietary therapy, but recently also influenced by modern Western medicine.
TCM is widely used in (where it has long been the standard system of medicine), and is becoming increasingly popular and recognized worldwide (where it is primarily approached as ). One of the basic tenets of TCM is that 'the body's ( chi or qi) circulates through channels, called, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions.' Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to European. Scientific investigation has not found or evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points. The TCM theory and practice are not based upon, and there is disagreement between TCM practitioners on what diagnosis and treatments should be used for any given patient.
The effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine remains poorly researched and documented. There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic plants, animal parts, and mineral Chinese medicinals. There are also concerns over illegal trade and transport of endangered species including rhinoceroses and tigers, and the welfare of specially farmed animals including bears. A review of research for TCM found that studies had low, but so far have not shown benefit outcomes. Pharmaceutical research has explored the potential for creating new drugs from traditional remedies, with few successful results.
A editorial described TCM as 'fraught with ', and said that the most obvious reason why it hasn't delivered many cures is that the majority of its treatments have no logical. Proponents propose that research has so far missed key features of the art of TCM, such as unknown interactions between various ingredients and complex interactive biological systems. The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as the and the, as well as in cosmological notions such as and the.
Starting in the 1950s, these precepts were standardized in the People's Republic of China, including attempts to integrate them with modern notions of and. In the 1950s, the Chinese government promoted a systematized form of TCM. While health is perceived as the harmonious interaction of these entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as a disharmony in interaction. TCM diagnosis aims to trace symptoms to of an underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of the person as well as many other things. Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou ( 1340s, ).
This image from Shi si jing fa hui (Expression of the Fourteen Meridians). (Tokyo: Suharaya Heisuke kanko, Kyoho gan 1716).
Traces of therapeutic activities in China date from the (14th–11th centuries BCE). Though the Shang did not have a concept of 'medicine' as distinct from other fields, their inscriptions on and tortoise shells refer to illnesses that affected the Shang royal family: eye disorders, toothaches, bloated abdomen, etc., which Shang elites usually attributed to curses sent by their ancestors. There is no evidence that the Shang nobility used herbal remedies. According to a 2006 overview, the 'Documentation of Chinese materia medica (CMM) dates back to around 1,100 BCE when only dozens of drugs were first described. By the end of the 16th century, the number of drugs documented had reached close to 1,900. And by the end of the last century, published records of CMM had reached 12,800 drugs.' Stone and bone needles found in ancient tombs led to speculate that acupuncture might have been carried out in the Shang dynasty.
This being said, most historians now make a distinction between medical (or ) and acupuncture in the narrower sense of using metal needles to treat illnesses by stimulating specific along ('meridians') in accordance with theories related to the circulation of Qi. The earliest evidence for acupuncture in this sense dates to the second or first century BCE.
The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, the oldest received work of Chinese medical theory, was compiled around the first century BCE on the basis of shorter texts from different medical lineages. Written in the form of dialogues between the legendary and his ministers, it offers explanations on the relation between humans, their environment, and the, on the contents of the body, on human vitality and pathology, on the symptoms of illness, and on how to make and therapeutic decisions in light of all these factors.
Unlike earlier texts like, which was excavated in the 1970s from that had been sealed in 168 BCE, the Inner Canon rejected the influence of spirits and the use of magic. It was also one of the first books in which the cosmological doctrines of Yinyang and the Five Phases were brought to a mature synthesis. The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses was collated by sometime between 196 and 220 CE; at the end of the.
Focusing on drug prescriptions rather than acupuncture, it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and the Five Phases with drug therapy. This was also the earliest public Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful 'patterns' ( zheng 證) that could serve as targets for therapy.
Having gone through numerous changes over time, the formulary now circulates as two distinct books: the and the, which were edited separately in the eleventh century, under the. In the centuries that followed, several shorter books tried to summarize or systematize its contents of the book Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. The Canon of Problems (probably second century CE) tried to reconcile divergent doctrines from the Inner Canon and developed a complete medical system centered on needling therapy. The AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion ( Zhenjiu jiayi jing 針灸甲乙經, compiled by sometime between 256 and 282 CE) assembled a consistent body of doctrines concerning acupuncture; whereas the Canon of the Pulse ( Maijing 脈經; ca. 280) presented itself as a 'comprehensive handbook of diagnostics and therapy.' In 1950, Chairman made a speech in support of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which was influenced by political necessity.
Zedong believed he and the should promote TCM but he did not personally believe in TCM and he did not use it. In 1952, the president of the said that, 'This One Medicine, will possess a basis in modern natural sciences, will have absorbed the ancient and the new, the Chinese and the foreign, all medical achievements—and will be China’s New Medicine!'
Indian influence penetrated into the Chinese world between the 4th and 8th centuries. Ayurveda greatly influenced traditional Chinese medicine during its formation may have origin in ancient India Indian medical knowledge of, and was brought to China. Was translated into during the Middle Ages.
Kashyapa Samhita specially deals with pediatrics, gynecology, and obstetrics Another Indian medical work Kumara Tantra of Ravana, which mainly deals with paediatric diseases, was translated into Chinese. According to and eleven Indian medical works were translated into Chinese. Indian monks introduced in China. Before the arrival of Buddhism surgical techniques were unknown within China Indian monks and translators themselves had a good understanding of medicine. Translated an Indian medical work into Chinese which dealt with 404 diseases went to India and brought back some 400 Buddhist translated texts which includes many medical works like Arsaprasamanasutra (A classic on curing all hemorrhoid-related diseases). Yijing highlight India's superior medical knowledge, he praised the practise of among Indians, which they believed could cure imbalances of body within a matter of days. In China he Introduced practised in India.
Formulae for lung diseases were imported from India during the. Indian ophthalmologists also practiced medicine in China.
Wrote a poem about Indian Brahman who was an expert in removing cataracts with a golden needle. Influence of Buddhists four element theory is clearly seen in writings. Indian medicine has a profound influence on Physician 's medical work. In his work, he attributes many formulae to. Sun Simiao mention many Indian surgical techniques for treatment of cataracts, glaucoma and other eye diseases Wang Tao also incorporated Indian ideas of medicine of Tanba Yasuyori records over ninety articles attributed to Indian physician Jivaka Historical physicians These include Zhang Zhongjing, and. Philosophical background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of, acupuncture, massage (Tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.
It is primarily used as a complementary approach. TCM is widely used in China and it is also used in the West. Its philosophy is based on (i.e., the combination of Five Phases theory with Yin-yang theory), which was later absorbed. Main article: Yin and yang are ancient Chinese concepts which can be traced back to the (1600–1100 BC). They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into. Primordial analogies for these aspects are the sun-facing (yang) and the shady (yin) side of a hill. Two other commonly used representational allegories of yin and yang are water and fire.
In the, detailed attributions are made regarding the yin or yang character of things: Phenomenon Yin Yang Celestial bodies moon sun Gender female male Location inside outside Temperature cold hot Direction downward upward Degree of humidity damp/moist dry The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example, the upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body are believed to have the yin character. Yin and yang characterization also extends to the various body functions, and – more importantly – to disease symptoms (e.g., cold and heat sensations are assumed to be yin and yang symptoms, respectively). Thus, yin and yang of the body are seen as phenomena whose lack (or over-abundance) comes with characteristic symptom combinations:. Yin vacuity (also termed 'vacuity-heat'): heat sensations, possible sweating at night, insomnia, dry pharynx, dry mouth, dark urine, and a 'fine' and rapid pulse.
Yang vacuity ('vacuity-cold'): aversion to cold, cold limbs, bright white complexion, long voidings of clear urine, diarrhea, pale and enlarged tongue, and a slightly weak, slow and fine pulse. TCM also identifies drugs believed to treat these specific symptom combinations, i.e., to reinforce yin and yang. Old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians TCM 'holds that the body's ( chi or qi) circulates through channels, called, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions.' Its view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body's functions (such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, etc.): 'The tendency of Chinese thought is to seek out dynamic functional activity rather than to look for the fixed somatic structures that perform the activities.
Because of this, the Chinese have no system of anatomy comparable to that of the West.' Dried are extensively used in traditional medicine in China and elsewhere. The term 'herbal medicine' is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, other, non-botanic substances are used as well: animal, human, and mineral products are also utilized.
Thus, the term 'medicinal' (instead of herb) is usually preferred. Prescriptions Typically, one batch of medicinals is prepared as a of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of these are considered as main herbs, some as ancillary herbs; within the ancillary herbs, up to three categories can be distinguished.
Raw materials There are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over 100,000 medicinal recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. In the classic Handbook of Traditional Drugs from 1941, 517 drugs were listed – out of these, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.
Animal substances Some animal parts used as medicinals can be considered rather strange such as cows' gallstones, hornet's nest, and. Other examples of animal parts include horn of the antelope or buffalo, deer antlers, testicles and of the dog, and snake bile. Some TCM textbooks still recommend preparations containing animal tissues, but there has been little research to justify the claimed clinical efficacy of many TCM animal products. Some medicinals can include the parts of endangered species, including tiger bones and which is used for many ailments (though not as an aphrodisiac as is commonly misunderstood in the West). The black market in rhinoceros horn (driven not just by TCM but also unrelated status-seeking) has reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Concerns have also arisen over the use of scales, turtle plastron, seahorses, and the gill plates of and. Poachers hunt restricted or endangered species animals to supply the black market with TCM products.
There is no scientific evidence of efficacy for tiger medicines. Concern over China considering to legalize the trade in tiger parts prompted the 171-nation (CITES) to endorse a decision opposing the resurgence of trade in tigers. Fewer than 30,000 remain, which are exported to China for use in traditional fever therapies. Organized gangs illegally export the horn of the antelopes to China. The pressures on seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) used in traditional medicine is enormous; tens of millions of animals are unsustainably caught annually. Many species of are currently part of the or national equivalents. Since TCM recognizes as a medicinal, more than 12,000 are held in bear farms.
The bile is extracted through a permanent hole in the abdomen leading to the, which can cause severe pain. This can lead to bears trying to kill themselves. As of 2012, approximately 10,000 bears are farmed in China for their bile. This practice has spurred public outcry across the country. The bile is collected from live bears via a surgical procedure.
The is believed to have therapeutic benefits according to traditional Chinese medicine. It is typically very big and, proponents believe, in order to preserve its properties, it should be extracted from a living deer. Medicinal tiger parts from poached animals include, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes. The illegal trade for tiger parts in China has driven the species to near-extinction because of its popularity in traditional medicine. Laws protecting even species such as the fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets.
Is traditionally regarded in Chinese medicine as beneficial for health in East Asia, and its status as an elite dish has led to huge demand with the increase of affluence in China, devastating shark populations. The shark fins have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Shark finning is banned in many countries, but the trade is thriving in Hong Kong and China, where the fins are part of shark fin soup, a dish considered a delicacy, and used in some types of traditional Chinese medicine. The ( - guiban) and the turtle ( - biejia) species used in traditional Chinese medicine are raised on farms, while restrictions are made on the accumulation and export of other endangered species.
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However, issues concerning the of Asian turtles in China have not been completely solved. Australian scientists have developed methods to identify medicines containing DNA traces of endangered species. Finally, although not an endangered species, sharp rises in exports of donkeys and donkey hide from Africa to China to make the traditional remedy ejiao have prompted export restrictions by some African countries.
Human body parts. Galena (lead ore) is part of historical TCM. Standard American TCM practice considers lead-containing herbs obsolete. From the earliest records regarding the use of medicinals to today, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese materiae medicae.
Since TCM has become more popular in the Western world, there are increasing concerns about the potential toxicity of many traditional Chinese medicinals including plants, animal parts and minerals. Traditional Chinese herbal remedies are conveniently available from grocery stores in most Chinese neighborhoods; some of these items may contain toxic ingredients, are imported into the U.S.
Illegally, and are associated with claims of therapeutic benefit without evidence. For most medicinals, efficacy and toxicity testing are based on traditional knowledge rather than laboratory analysis. The toxicity in some cases could be confirmed by modern research (i.e., in scorpion); in some cases it couldn't (i.e., in ). Traditional herbal medicines can contain extremely toxic chemicals and heavy metals, and naturally occurring toxins, which can cause illness, exacerbate pre-existing poor health or result in death. Botanical misidentification of plants can cause toxic reactions in humans.
The description on some plants used in traditional Chinese medicine have changed, leading to unintended intoxication of the wrong plants. A concern is also contaminated herbal medicines with microorganisms and fungal toxins, including. Traditional herbal medicines are sometimes contaminated with toxic heavy metals, including lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium, which inflict serious health risks to consumers.
Also, adulteration of some herbal medicine preparations with conventional drugs which may cause serious adverse effects, such as, and, has been reported. Substances known to be potentially dangerous include, secretions from the, powdered centipede, the Chinese beetle ( ), certain fungi, Aconitum, Arsenic sulfide , mercury sulfide, and. Asbestos ore (, Yang Qi Shi, 阳起石) is used to treat impotence in TCM.
Due to 's (, ) high lead content, it is known to be toxic. Lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, cadmium, and thallium have been detected in TCM products sold in the U.S. To avoid its toxic adverse effects must be processed. Has been reported with products containing, and.
The herbs indicated as being hepatotoxic included, and. Contrary to popular belief, mushroom extract, as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, appears to have the potential for toxicity. A 2013 review suggested that although the herb may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidemia, it should be used cautiously during pregnancy due to a potential risk of embryotoxicity at a high dose. However, many adverse reactions are due to misuse or abuse of Chinese medicine. For example, the misuse of the dietary supplement (containing ephedrine) can lead to adverse events including gastrointestinal problems as well as sudden death from.
Products adulterated with pharmaceuticals for weight loss or erectile dysfunction are one of the main concerns. Chinese herbal medicine has been a major cause of in China.
Acupuncture and moxibustion. Traditional moxibustion set from Ibuki (Japan) Acupuncture is the insertion of needles into superficial structures of the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles) – usually at acupuncture points (acupoints) – and their subsequent manipulation; this aims at influencing the flow of. According to TCM it relieves and treats (and prevents) various diseases. The US FDA classifies single-use acupuncture needles as Class II medical devices, under CFR 21. Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion – the Chinese characters for acupuncture (: 针灸;: 針灸;: zhēnjiǔ) literally meaning 'acupuncture-moxibustion' – which involves burning on or near the skin at an acupuncture point.
According to the, 'available scientific evidence does not support claims that moxibustion is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease'. In, an electric current is applied to the needles once they are inserted, in order to further stimulate the respective acupuncture points. Efficacy. Further information:, and A 2013 editorial by and found that the inconsistency of results of acupuncture studies (i.e. Acupuncture relieved pain in some conditions but had no effect in other very similar conditions) suggests, which may be caused by factors like biased study designs, poor blinding, and the classification of electrified needles (a type of ) as a form of acupuncture.
The same editorial suggested that given the inability to find consistent results despite more than 3,000 studies of acupuncture, the treatment seems to be a and the existing equivocal positive results are one expects to see after a large number of studies are performed on an inert therapy. The editorial concluded that the best controlled studies showed a clear pattern, in which the outcome does not rely upon needle location or even needle insertion, and since 'these variables are those that define acupuncture, the only sensible conclusion is that acupuncture does not work.' According to the US NIH National Cancer Institute, a review of 17,922 patients reported that real acupuncture relieved muscle and joint pain, caused by aromatase inhibitors, much better than sham acupuncture.
Regarding cancer patients, The US NIH National Cancer Institute states that acupuncture may cause physical responses in nerve cells, the pituitary gland, and the brain - releasing proteins, hormones, and chemicals that are proposed to affect blood pressure, body temperature, immune activity, and endorphin release. A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that the mechanisms of acupuncture 'are clinically relevant, but that an important part of these total effects is not due to issues considered to be crucial by most acupuncturists, such as the correct location of points and depth of needling. Associated with more potent placebo or context effects'.
Commenting on this meta-analysis, both and David Colquhoun said the results were of negligible clinical significance. A 2011 overview of found high quality evidence that suggests acupuncture is effective for some but not all kinds of pain. A 2010 systematic review found that there is evidence 'that acupuncture provides a short-term clinically relevant effect when compared with a waiting list control or when acupuncture is added to another intervention' in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Two review articles discussing the effectiveness of acupuncture, from 2008 and 2009, have concluded that there is not enough evidence to conclude that it is effective beyond the placebo effect. Acupuncture is generally safe when administered using Clean Needle Technique (CNT).
Although serious are rare, acupuncture is not without risk. Severe adverse effects, including death, have continued to be reported. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with and do not represent a of the subject. You may, discuss the issue on the, or, as appropriate.
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(January 2015) Many governments have enacted laws to regulate TCM practice. Australia From 1 July 2012 Chinese medicine practitioners must be registered under the national registration and accreditation scheme with the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia and meet the Board's Registration Standards, in order to practice in Australia.
Canada TCM is regulated in five provinces in Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland. Hong Kong The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong was established in 1999. It regulates the medicinals and professional standards for TCM practitioners. All TCM practitioners in Hong Kong are required to register with the Council. The eligibility for registration includes a recognised 5-year university degree of TCM, a 30-week minimum supervised clinical internship, and passing the licensing exam.
Malaysia The Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill was passed by Parliament in 2012 establishing the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council to register and regulate traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, including traditional Chinese medicine practitioners as well as other traditional and complementary medicine practitioners such as those in traditional Malay medicine and traditional Indian medicine. Singapore The TCM Practitioners Act was passed by Parliament in 2000 and the TCM Practitioners Board was established in 2001 as a statutory board under the Ministry of Health, to register and regulate TCM practitioners. The requirements for registration include possession of a diploma or degree from a TCM educational institution/university on a gazetted list, either structured TCM clinical training at an approved local TCM educational institution or foreign TCM registration together with supervised TCM clinical attachment/practice at an approved local TCM clinic, and upon meeting these requirements, passing the Singapore TCM Physicians Registration Examination (STRE) conducted by the TCM Practitioners Board. United States As of July 2012, only six states do not have existing legislation to regulate the professional practice of TCM. These six states are, and. In 1976, California established an Acupuncture Board and became the first state licensing professional acupuncturists.
Indonesia. The Chinese traditional medicine at one of Chinese traditional medicine shop at Jagalan Road, Surabaya, Indonesia. All traditional medicines, including TCM, are regulated on Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation in 2013 about Traditional Medicine. Traditional Medicine License ( Surat Izin Pengobatan Tradisional -SIPT) will be granted to the practitioners whose methods are scientifically recognized as safe and bring the benefit for health. The TCM clinics are registered but there is no explicit regulation for it. The only TCM method which is accepted by medical logic and is empirically proofed is acupuncture.
The acupuncturists can get SIPT and participate on health care facilities. See also.